Tarsal tunnel syndrome TTS

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS)

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a condition that occurs when the tibial nerve, which runs along the inside of the ankle, becomes compressed or irritated as it passes through a narrow tunnel called the tarsal tunnel. This can result in pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the foot. TTS is similar to carpal tunnel syndrome, but it affects the foot rather than the hand.

Causes

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) occurs when the tibial nerve, which runs through a narrow tunnel called the tarsal tunnel on the inside of the ankle, becomes compressed or irritated. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of TTS. Here are some common causes –

1. Anatomical Abnormalities – Certain anatomical variations can increase the risk of tibial nerve compression within the tarsal tunnel. These may include –

• Flat feet (pes planus) – Having a lower arch in the foot can result in excessive strain on the tibial nerve.
• Enlarged structures – An enlarged or abnormal structure within the tarsal tunnel, such as a varicose vein or a ganglion cyst, can compress the tibial nerve.
• Bone spurs – Bony growths or abnormalities, such as bone spurs, in the ankle area can narrow the tarsal tunnel and compress the nerve.

2. Trauma or Injury – TTS can be caused by direct trauma or injury to the ankle area, which can lead to inflammation and compression of the tibial nerve. Examples include –

• Ankle sprains – Severe or repetitive sprains can cause swelling and inflammation that impinge on the tibial nerve.
• Fractures – A fractured bone in the ankle can result in misalignment or the formation of scar tissue, which can compress the nerve.
• Ankle dislocation – Dislocation of the ankle joint can cause structural changes and compression of the tibial nerve.

3. Overuse or Repetitive Strain – Activities that involve repetitive strain on the foot and ankle can contribute to the development of TTS. Examples include –

• Prolonged standing or walking – Jobs or activities that require long periods of standing or walking can put excessive pressure on the tibial nerve.
• Running or high-impact sports – High-impact activities that involve repetitive foot movements, such as running or jumping, can irritate and compress the tibial nerve.

4. Systemic Conditions – Certain systemic conditions or medical factors can increase the risk of TTS. These include –

• Diabetes – Diabetes can lead to nerve damage and increase the vulnerability of nerves to compression.
• Arthritis – Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis can cause swelling and inflammation that impinges on the tibial nerve.
• Obesity – Excess weight and pressure on the foot and ankle can contribute to nerve compression.

Symptoms

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is characterized by a variety of symptoms that typically affect the foot and ankle. The symptoms can vary in severity and may include –

1. Pain – The most common symptom of TTS is pain in the foot and ankle. The pain is often described as a burning, tingling, or shooting sensation. It may be localized to the inside of the ankle or radiate to other areas of the foot, such as the arch, heel, or toes. The pain can be intermittent or persistent and may worsen with activity or prolonged standing.
2. Numbness and Tingling – Individuals with TTS may experience numbness or tingling sensations in the foot and toes. This sensation is often described as a “pins and needles” feeling. Numbness and tingling may be present in the sole of the foot or affect specific toes.
3. Radiating Symptoms – In some cases, the symptoms of TTS may radiate along the path of the tibial nerve. This can result in pain or abnormal sensations extending up the leg, calf, or even into the thigh.
4. Weakness – TTS can cause weakness in the foot, leading to difficulties with walking, balance, or coordination. Some individuals may feel a sense of heaviness in the affected foot.
5. Increased Symptoms at Night – Some people with TTS may notice that their symptoms worsen at night. This can disrupt sleep and lead to discomfort and restlessness.
6. Symptoms Aggravated by Activities – Activities that involve repetitive foot movements or prolonged weight-bearing, such as walking, running, or standing, can exacerbate the symptoms of TTS. Symptoms may also be triggered or worsened by wearing tight or restrictive footwear.

It’s necessary to note that the symptoms of TTS can vary among individuals, and some people may experience a combination of these symptoms. If you suspect you have TTS or are experiencing persistent foot or ankle pain, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Diagnosis and Tests

When diagnosing tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), healthcare professionals typically consider a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to evaluate the condition. The following are some common diagnostic tests used in the assessment of TTS –

1. Medical History and Physical Examination – The healthcare professional will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any factors that may contribute to TTS. They will also conduct a thorough physical examination, assessing the foot and ankle for signs of tenderness, swelling, or abnormalities.
2. Tinel’s Sign – This is a physical examination maneuver where the healthcare professional lightly taps or presses over the tarsal tunnel area. If you experience tingling or electric shock-like sensations radiating into the foot or toes, it may indicate nerve compression.
3. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) – NCS is a commonly used diagnostic test for TTS. It measures the speed and strength of nerve signals, helping to identify nerve damage or compression. Small electrodes are placed on the skin near the tibial nerve, and a mild electrical impulse is applied to assess nerve conduction.
4. Electromyography (EMG) – EMG is often performed in conjunction with NCS. It involves the insertion of tiny needles into specific muscles to assess their electrical activity. 
5. Imaging Studies – While imaging studies are not always necessary for diagnosing TTS, they can be useful in ruling out other conditions or identifying structural abnormalities that may contribute to nerve compression. These imaging studies may include –

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – MRI can provide detailed images of the foot and ankle, allowing the healthcare professional to assess soft tissues, nerves, and structures within the tarsal tunnel.
• X-ray – X-rays can help detect bone abnormalities, such as bone spurs or fractures, which may contribute to nerve compression.

Treatment

The treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) aims to relieve symptoms, reduce nerve compression, and address any underlying causes. The specific treatment approach may vary depending on the severity of symptoms and individual factors. Here are some common treatment options for TTS –

1. Conservative Treatment

• Rest and Activity Modification – Limiting or avoiding activities that worsen symptoms, such as prolonged standing or high-impact exercises, can help reduce nerve irritation.
• Pain Medication – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, may be recommended to reduce pain and inflammation.
• Orthotic Devices – Custom orthotic inserts or shoe modifications can help correct foot mechanics and alleviate pressure on the tibial nerve.
• Physical Therapy – Stretching and strengthening exercises prescribed by a physical therapist can help improve flexibility, reduce nerve compression, and promote healing. 
• Footwear Changes – Wearing supportive, properly fitted shoes with good arch support can help reduce strain on the foot and relieve pressure on the tibial nerve.

2. Immobilization

• Splint or Brace – In severe cases or when conservative measures fail to provide relief, wearing a splint or brace that immobilizes the foot and ankle can help reduce pressure on the tibial nerve and promote healing.

3. Medications

• Corticosteroid Injections – In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be administered into the tarsal tunnel to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.
• Nerve Block – Local anesthetic injections around the tibial nerve can help provide temporary pain relief.

4. Surgical Intervention

• Decompression Surgery – In cases where conservative treatments do not provide sufficient relief, or if there is a clear anatomical abnormality compressing the tibial nerve, surgical decompression of the tarsal tunnel may be considered. The surgeon releases any structures compressing the nerve to relieve pressure.

Outlook

The outlook for individuals with tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) can vary depending on the severity of the condition, the underlying causes, and the effectiveness of treatment. In many cases, with proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the outlook for TTS is generally positive.

Many cases of TTS can be effectively managed with conservative treatment approaches. Rest, activity modification, physical therapy, orthotic devices, and pain management techniques can help relieve symptoms, reduce nerve compression, and improve overall foot function.

Identifying and addressing any underlying causes contributing to TTS is essential for long-term management. For example, if TTS is associated with an anatomical abnormality or a systemic condition like diabetes or arthritis, managing or correcting those factors can help improve the outlook.